Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD): What to Do

Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease can also be shortened to RHD, RVHD or VHD (Viral Haemorrhagic Disease). Sadly, it is a notoriously deadly disease that is easily transmitted from one rabbit to another and has no cure.

In the battle against RHD, vaccines are our main weapon. Once old enough, every pet rabbit in the UK should be vaccinated against RHD, as well as Myxomatosis.

What is Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease (RHD)?

This is a single-stranded RNA calicivirus infection. It affects both pet and wild rabbits and can be mechanically transmitted by various animal species acting as vectors, including birds and humans.

Understanding RHD and RHDV Strains

RHD is a viral infection with two strains: RHDV1 and RHDV2. The RHDV1 mutated into RHDV2, a more deadly virus that can more quickly affect rabbits, target young kits, and evade the RHDV1 vaccine.

How Does RHD Affect Rabbits?

Sadly, RHD causes rapid death in rabbits. Indeed, there may be few or no symptoms before they die from this viral infection.

Mortality rates are reported at up to 100% in unvaccinated rabbits. Those who survive the initial infection will go on to develop liver failure, which leads to death within several weeks.

This highly pathogenic viral infection is so deadly that it was introduced into the wild European rabbit population in Australia to control population growth.

Their widespread die-off helped protect local farmland and ecosystems from severe degradation.

How Rabbits Catch Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease

This hardy virus can survive for several months once it is in the environment. Contact with infected bedding or food can lead to infection.

Similarly, wildlife, including rodents, insects (such as fleas), and birds, can act as disease vectors.

Signs and Symptoms of RHD in Rabbits

Most commonly, owners miss the initial signs, which can be subtle and short-lived.

Early Signs of Illness

There may be no early signs of this disease at all. Some will present with symptoms such as:

• Respiratory distress
• Lethargy
• Food refusal and gastrointestinal stasis
• Fever
• Seizures, shaking, and lack of coordination

Severe and Sudden Symptoms

Rabbits can be seen to haemorrhage (bleed in large amounts) from their nose and mouth. Many will suddenly die, or will be found dead without showing any prior symptoms.

How Quickly Does RHD Progress?

The incubation period is very short, only about 1-3 days. Then, it is not uncommon for rabbits to pass away within just 24 hours.

Is Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease an Emergency?

RHD is a true emergency. While it is unlikely your vet can save your rabbit, they should be seen in case their symptoms have another cause and to confirm the suspicion.

What Should You Do If You Suspect RHD?

If you have any reason to suspect RHD, contact us immediately, and we will provide advice and arrange an urgent appointment if required.

Immediate Steps to Take at Home

After you call your vet, isolate your rabbit from any other rabbits. Do not allow them to share any items or food.

Do ensure your bunny has everything they need, including thick, warm bedding, food, and water.

How to Isolate an At-Risk Rabbit Safely

Keep your rabbit as far away from the rest of the herd as possible. Ideally, this would be another room.

Be aware that you can spread the disease from one rabbit to another, so maintain strict biosecurity. Wash your hands thoroughly with hot, soapy water before handling any rabbit.

What Information to Share With Your Vet

Make your vet aware of the signs that are concerning you. Do also let them know when your rabbit was last vaccinated, if they have had their vaccines.

How Do Vets Diagnose RHD?

Making a definitive diagnosis is very important to determine whether we need to be concerned about any in-contact rabbits.

Clinical Signs and Case History

Patients may have a history of being in contact with rabbits who have recently died. They may also be developing symptoms, such as a fever, difficulty breathing, and lethargy.

Laboratory Testing and Confirmation

The diagnosis of RHD is usually made after the rabbit has passed away, through post-mortem examination.

Bleeding is seen throughout the body, and a pale liver and an enlarged spleen may be present.

Treatment and Management of RHD

It is important to be aware that the vast majority of unvaccinated rabbits are going to pass away from RHD after exposure, regardless of what we do.

Supportive Care Options

The aim will be to keep the rabbit as comfortable as possible, which may include providing intravenous fluids, supplemental nutrition and pain relief.

Why is There No Cure for RHD?

The rapid progression of symptoms is not something for which we have yet discovered a cure. Hopefully, this will change in the future.

Protecting Other Rabbits in the Household

If the other rabbits in the home are not vaccinated, this should be organised ASAP.

Rabbits shouldn't have any contact with food, bedding or bowls that the previous rabbit with RHD touched. They should be quarantined for at least 2 weeks to see if any signs develop.

Vaccination and Prevention of RHD

The great news is that RHD is largely preventable.

Available Vaccines and Vaccination Schedules

Vets will always recommend that pet bunnies in the UK are vaccinated against RHD and Myxomatosis. Rabbits should be vaccinated against both strains of RHDV: RHDV1 and RHDV2.

The first vaccine can be given after 5 weeks of age, and adults then require a booster once a year, every year. Even rabbits that do not go outside should be vaccinated.

Biosecurity and Hygiene Measures

Remove all organic debris, like food and bedding. Clean down the hutch and run it with a diluted bleach solution. This is an excellent cleaning product for eliminating the virus.

As fleas can transmit the disease, eliminate them quickly with vet-prescribed products. Both rabbits and their environment should be treated. Screens and nets can help prevent contact with other insects.

Reducing Risk in High-Exposure Areas

A strict vaccination protocol is, without a doubt, the best way to protect rabbits. If there is an outbreak, they can be taken indoors to reduce their risk.

Get Emergency Vet Care for Your Rabbit

Call an emergency vet the moment you suspect your rabbit may be unwell, particularly if it is unvaccinated or if RHD has been reported locally.

Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease FAQs

What Are the Key Signs That a Rabbit May Have RHD?

Consider RHD in a rabbit who becomes acutely unwell, displaying signs such as nasal bleeding, extreme lethargy, or trouble breathing.

How Does RHD Spread Among Rabbit Populations?

RHD quickly spreads from one rabbit to another, whether through direct contact or contact with infected items such as hay or bedding. Their saliva, fur and urine can all contain the virus. People and insects are potential vectors.

Can RHD Be Prevented by Vaccination?

Yes, the vaccine is highly effective at providing protection, as long as the recommended guidelines are followed.

What Steps Should a Rabbit Owner Take If They Suspect RHD?

An owner who is concerned for RHD should immediately isolate the rabbit(s) that are worrying them and call their local vet. Other rabbits in the home should be vaccinated ASAP, if this has not already been done.