UTI in Dogs: Signs, Causes and Treatment

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in dogs are bacterial infections which affect part of the urinary tract, such as the kidney or bladder. Owners tend to over diagnose UTIs as the symptoms are similar to what we see in a range of other conditions, including sterile cystitis, bladder stones and bladder masses.

Most UTIs will be straightforward to diagnose and treat and the symptoms are generally easily recognised. However, it is vital that treatment is continued for long enough and that we investigate a dog who develops recurrent infections.

What Is a Urinary Tract Infection in Dogs?

Bacterial infections in the urinary tract in dogs are frequently associated with the bladder, causing cystitis (an inflamed bladder). E. coli is a common bacteria involved, as it originates from the feacal matter, which is lurking nearby.

What Causes Urinary Infections in Dogs?

True infections are caused by bacteria- whether there is an excess of bacteria in the area, a weakened immune system or damage to the lining of the urinary tract.

Bacterial Infections and How They Develop

Infections develop when bacteria ‘invade and multiply’. They start to thrive somewhere they should not. Typically, they enter through the urethra and attach themselves to the inner surface of the urinary tract, releasing cytotoxins and damaging the local tissue. In some cases, dehydration in dogs can also increase the risk of urinary tract infections, as reduced water intake leads to more concentrated urine and less frequent flushing of bacteria.

Why Female Dogs Are at Higher Risk

We see more UTIs in female dogs due to their shorter urethra, which is located close to the anus. While the short urethra puts them at lower risk of a urinary blockage compared to males, it acts as a transportation method for bacteria to travel up and down.

Bladder Stones and Underlying Conditions

For many dogs who deal with UTIs, there is an underlying cause. For some, bladder stones will act as a nidus of infection, as they provide a surface for the bacteria to adhere to and grow.

What Are the Signs Your Dog Has a UTI?

Symptoms tend to start off subtly but then become more obvious as the days go by. The symptoms are not specific to just UTIs, so owners should be aware that there could be other conditions at play.

Frequent or Painful Urination

Your dog may pass urine much more than usual (this can mean several times an hour!), which results in small puddles and indoor accidents. You may find that passing urine is painful for them, so they whine or lick at their genitals. Passing urine can be uncomfortable or painful for dogs with a UTI, which is why appropriate pain relief is often prescribed alongside antibiotics to keep them comfortable during treatment.

Blood in the Urine

The urine can be pink or red and will sometimes contain clots. The blood may be present at all times,, or perhaps only towards the end of the pee.

Other Common Symptoms to Look Out For

Some other symptoms to monitor for would include:

• Cloudy or smelly urine
• Excess thirst
• Lethargy
• Mild nausea
• A reduced appetite

Can a UTI in Dogs Become an Emergency?

While uncommon, there are some instances where a UTI would become an emergency.

Blockage

Urinary obstructions can occur in those with stones or masses, and the dog is suddenly unable to pass urine. They may repeatedly try to urinate, a sign that you might confuse with constipation.

When a Urinary Infection Spreads to the Kidneys

Sometimes the infection will spread to the kidneys, which is called pyelonephritis. This is a serious infection that leads to a fever and pain in the lower abdomen or back.

When to Contact an Emergency Vet

Contact an emergency vet if you are concerned your dog is not coping well or is having trouble passing urine.

How Do Vets Diagnose a Urinary Tract Infection?

Your vet will probably already suspect an infection based on your dog’s age and the signs they are showing.

Urine Sample and Urinalysis

They can take a urine sample and perform some in house tests including a dipstick test and refractometry, to assess the urine concentration and to check for the presence of sugar, ketones, bacteria, or excess protein.

Urine Culture and Sensitivity Testing

If an infection is suspected, a sample of urine can be sent externally to the lab for a culture and sensitive test to be run. The lab determines which bacteria are present and which would be the most appropriate antibiotics to use.

Further Tests for Underlying Conditions

Sometimes, further tests will be recommended. For example, an ultrasound and X-ray of the urinary tract can help detect stones or masses. Blood tests will be indicated when checking for underlying diseases such as diabetes or kidney failure.

How Are Urinary Tract Infections in Dogs Treated?

Treating infections is usually quite clearcut.

Antibiotic Treatment and Course Length

Your veterinarian may base their antibiotic choice off a culture and sensitivity tests, but this might not be done if the cost is prohibitive. A broad-spectrum antibiotic is often trialled first.

It is important not to stop the antibiotics too abruptly, as this can lead to the infection persisting and a resistant infection developing. The course is usually prescribed for several weeks.

Drug Therapy for Complex or Recurring Infections

With ongoing issues, vets are likely to recommend a urine sample is obtained via cystocentesis (with a needle directly from the bladder) and cultured.

Sometimes, the dose of antibiotics needs to be increased, to ensure they reach high enough concentrations within the urine.

Veterinary Care and Monitoring

Owners should be on the lookout to ensure signs are not coming back. For some dogs, they may need a urinary diet and/or supplements, to prevent future infections and to maintain a normal urinary pH.

How Can You Prevent Urinary Infections in Your Dog?

It is not always going to be possible to prevent all infections, but certain measures can help.

Encouraging Water Intake and Good Hygiene

The more dilute the urine is, the less risk of crystals and stones forming. Increased urine flow also helps to ‘flush’ out bacteria.

Good hygiene is key too. This can include ‘hygiene clips’ for longer furred dogs, and quickly clearing any loose or clumped poo from their back end.

Regular Vet Check-Ups and Health Monitoring

Dogs with underlying medical issues like diabetes and Cushing’s disease, will need to be seen regularly. When these conditions are well managed, the risk of UTIs decreases

You can contact us to book in for a check up if you’re concerned your dog is showing signs of having a UTI or there is concern that they have recurrent infections which are not resolving as expected.

How do I know if my dog has a UTI?

You can’t be sure your dog has a UTI, unless the urine is analysed. However, signs can include urinating more often and urine which is cloudy or smelly.

Can a urinary tract infection clear up on its own?

Very mild cases may resolve spontaneously, especially if the pet is given lots of fluids and some bladder supportive supplements. However it is always best to check in with a vet if a UTI is suspected.

How long does it take to treat a UTI in dogs?

Duration of therapy varies, but usually 2-4 weeks.

Are female dogs more prone to urinary infections?

Yes, females are predisposed. This is due to their anatomy, and the fact that their urethra is short and located near their anus.