Kennel Cough in Dogs: Is It An Emergency?

Kennel Cough is an infectious cough that is commonly diagnosed in young pet dogs, particularly those under the age of one. Most dogs tolerate it very well and develop no symptoms other than a harsh cough. Rarely, kennel cough can become an emergency situation.

While an owner should not be alarmed if their dog has been diagnosed with Kennel Cough, they should be aware of the potential for symptoms to worsen. If Kennel Cough develops into pneumonia or causes low oxygen levels, the sooner we start treatment the better.

What Is Kennel Cough in Dogs?

Kennel cough is also called Infectious Canine Tracheobronchitis or Canine Infectious Respiratory Disease Complex. It is a syndrome which causes a dry, honking and loud cough.

Kennel cough is responsible for an estimated 0.64% of annual dog visits (1). However, there are lots of reasons a dog will cough, and kennel cough is widely over-diagnosed by owners.

What Causes Kennel Cough?

Kennel cough has multiple causes and we often will not diagnose the causative agent in practice, as there is not usually a need to do this. Most dogs are treated symptomatically and recover quickly.

Bacterial Causes Including Bordetella

Bordetella Bronchiseptica is the most common bacterial agent involved. Bacteria including Streptococcus and Mycoplasma are also sometimes detected.

Viral Causes Such as Parainfluenza

As well as Canine Parainfluenza Virus (CIV), viruses including Influenza, Canine Respiratory Coronavirus (CRCoV) and Canine Adenovirus Type 2 (CAV-2) may play a role.

How Mixed Infections Develop

It is not at all uncommon for there to be a viral and a bacterial component. The presence of one pathogen will weaken the immune system, making the dog more susceptible to other bacteria and viruses. Generally, the virus develops first and the bacteria are secondary invaders.

How Do Dogs Catch Kennel Cough?

Unfortunately, kennel cough is highly contagious and spreads easily from one dog to another. The term ‘kennel’ cough is a real misnomer, as there are many places a dog can become infected.

How Kennel Cough Spreads Between Dogs

Respiratory secretions are the main mode of spread, including in droplets from sneezes and coughs as well as direct nose and mouth touching.

Objects like water bowls and bedding can also hold onto the pathogen for a short time, potentially infecting other nearby dogs.

There is even a chance that your dog can infect nearby cats.

High-Risk Environments Like Kennels and Daycare

High-risk environments are those where there are lots of dogs together, particularly when space is limited and ventilation is inadequate. As stress weakens the immune system, a puppy who is anxious about being away from home can be at increased risk.

Why Puppies and Young Dogs Are More Vulnerable

Younger dogs have not yet developed the immunity to this infection, so are more likely to catch it.

For these dogs, their respiratory system is still developing and the more narrow airways and less developed mucociliary clearance system can put them at increased risk.

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Kennel Cough?

While a cough is the characteristic sign, there can be other symptoms to watch out for.

Persistent Cough and Nasal Symptoms

You will see a cough that is persistent and that sounds dry. It can sound like the dog is constantly clearing their throat. Some dogs are going to cough so much that they bring up some foam or phlegm.

Many dogs also have a runny nose. This tends to be a clear discharge, but we may see green or dark snot with bacterial infections.

Other Common Symptoms to Watch For

Other potential signs include:

• Lethargy

• Fever

• Reduced appetite

• Sneezing

• Runny eyes

How Long Symptoms Usually Last

For most healthy dogs, symptoms only last a week or so. If a cough persists more than two weeks, this can indicate that there is more going on.

Can Kennel Cough Be Serious?

The vast majority of cases remain mild and resolve quickly with little to no intervention. For a small number of our canine patients, kennel cough can become serious.

When Kennel Cough Leads to Pneumonia

There is the potential for pneumonia to develop, and this is serious inflammation of the lungs that can affect a dog's ability to breathe. The infection moves from the upper to the lower airways.

As well as a cough which may now be productive, dogs will be acting unwell and may refuse food, struggle to keep up on walks, or have laboured or rapid breathing.

Dogs at Higher Risk of Complications

Unvaccinated dogs are at greater risk, especially those who are very young, old or immunocompromised.

As stress plays a big role, there is also more chance of complications in places like kennels and re-homing centres.

When Kennel Cough Becomes an Emergency

Emergency care is required if the dog’s breathing appears very rapid or laboured, or if they seem weak or very lethargic. Other red flag signs include grey or blue gums, or wheezing when breathing.

How Do Vets Diagnose Kennel Cough?

Your vet will usually suspect kennel cough based on your dog’s history and signs. Most often, this will be a young and unvaccinated dog with an ongoing dry cough.

Clinical Examination and History

During the clinical exam, your dog will be checked from nose to tail. They will pay particular attention to the heart and lungs, and will also check for a fever.

The ‘tracheal pinch’ test is usually positive. The vet presses the sensitive windpipe, triggering a cough.

When Further Veterinary Tests Are Needed

Further tests may be needed in certain cases, when the dog is very unwell or is not recovering as expected.

Your vet may recommend an X-ray of the lungs and culture and sensitivity testing, to ensure the right treatment plan is being followed.

How Is Kennel Cough Treated?

For many patients, minimal treatment is needed. Most dogs will clear the infection within a week or two.

Home Care

Home care consists of encouraging rest and ensuring the air is well ventilated and free from any irritants such as smoke or dust.

For those with a reduced appetite, it can be useful to offer soft and warmed up food. Owners may also provide dog broths and rehydration solutions, to prevent dehydration.

Veterinary Treatment

Some dogs may be issued medication including anti inflammatories, mucolytic and/or antibiotics.

Recovery Time

Recovery time from kennel cough is typically 1-2 weeks. If a cough persists longer than this, it is important to investigate this further.

Can Kennel Cough Be Prevented?

We cannot prevent every case of kennel cough, but a large number of times, the infection is preventable.

Vaccination

There is a kennel cough vaccine available, which should be given annually. It takes about four days to become effective.

Reducing Exposure in Social Dogs

If another dog is showing symptoms of kennel cough, keep your dog well away from them, and do not allow them to share any bowls or food.

Kennels

If your dog is going into kennels, choose one that requires their dogs to be vaccinated against kennel cough.

Get Veterinary Advice for Kennel Cough

Contact us if you are concerned your dog may have kennel cough, or if you have any questions about its prevention or treatment.

Kennel Cough in Dogs: FAQs

For how long is kennel cough contagious?

This cough is contagious for two to three weeks, though this window can be shortened through the use of antibiotics.

Do all dogs need the kennel cough vaccine?

Most dogs will benefit from the vaccine, especially if they have a lot of contact with other dogs.

Can kennel cough clear up without treatment?

If a dog is in good health, they may require no therapy at all.

Is this cough definitely kennel cough?

There are lots of conditions that can cause a cough, not just kennel cough! This includes heart disease, lungworm, and tracheal collapse.