Diabetes in Dogs: Should You Be Worried?

Diabetes mellitus is a relatively common endocrine disorder in dogs, affecting about 0.3-1.3% of dogs. It is generally an ongoing condition that we manage rather than cure. The majority of patients will be treated with injectable insulin and a specific diet.

What Is Diabetes in Dogs?

Diabetic dogs have an insulin deficiency and cannot use the glucose that is in their bloodstream. The tissues are starved of the fuel that they require, which can cause serious symptoms and, without prompt treatment, even death.

What Causes Diabetes in Dogs?

Causes and triggers differ from one dog to another and we often will not know the specific reason why it has developed.

Insulin Deficiency and How Diabetes Develops

When the body is not able to use the insulin it makes, or is not producing enough insulin, diabetes occurs. Insulin should be made in the pancreas, with the purpose of moving glucose from the bloodstream to the cells, providing energy.

Why Some Dogs Are More at Risk Than Others

There is a genetic component, with certain breeds being more prone to diabetes than others. This includes Poodles, Dachshunds, Samoyeds, and Keeshonds.

Underlying Conditions and Contributing Factors

A number of factors are known to play a role:

• Female entire dogs reportedly have 3x higher odds of diabetes diagnosis compared to male entire dogs
• Those who are prone to pancreatitis are at higher risk, as this can lead to the pancreatic cells being destroyed
• Cushing’s disease reduces insulin sensitivity, so may play a role for some
• Certain medications, such as steroids, may also predispose dogs to diabetes if given long-term
• Obesity plays a role too, with obese dogs being more prone to diabetes
  

What Are the Signs Your Dog May Have Diabetes?

Signs of diabetes are not easy to miss and may come on gradually or more abruptly.

Increased Thirst and Urination

The classic sign is polyuria/polydypsia, which is when the dog drinks and urinates much more than usual. The excess sugar in the urine causes more water to be passed, making the dog very thirsty.

Weight Loss Despite a Normal Appetite

Dogs are initially eating well and may even be hungrier than usual. Despite this, they lose weight. This is because the body cannot use the glucose within the food and the cells are depleted of sugars.

Other Common Symptoms to Look Out For

You might also spot symptoms including:

• Vomiting
• Weakness
• Reduced appetite
• Lethargy
• Regular urinary infections
• Dehydration
• Cataracts

Is Diabetes in Dogs an Emergency?

Before diabetes is diagnosed and controlled, it is a risky time for the dog. There is the chance of them developing a life-threatening condition called diabetic ketoacidosis.

When Blood Sugar Levels Become Dangerous

When fats become the energy source for the body in uncontrolled diabetics, this can lead to diabetic ketoacidosis. Signs include confusion, sweet breath, vomiting, and rapid breathing. These dogs must be seen urgently.

Low blood sugar (hypoglycaemia) is also a concern for dogs on insulin therapy and can quickly lead to life-threatening symptoms including seizures and coma.

When to Contact a Vet Urgently

Concerning symptoms in a diabetic include persistent vomiting, shaking, and food refusal. In those already diagnosed, food refusal should also be looked into.

As these dogs can deteriorate rapidly, owners should seek emergency care right away.

How Do Vets Diagnose Diabetes in Dogs?

Your veterinarian will be suspicious of the diagnosis once they have heard your dog’s history.

Blood Glucose Testing

Sugar levels will be very elevated. Your vet can also run a blood test to check Fructosamine levels, which reflect the blood sugar levels over the past few weeks.

Bloods can also indicate underlying or concurrent issues, such as pancreatitis or infections.

Urine Testing for Glucose and Ketones

A urine test should always be run when diagnosing a diabetic. This is to check for glucose and ketones in the urine, and also to assess for any current signs of a urinary tract infection.

Additional Tests to Assess Overall Health

Your vet may also want to run some further tests. This can include an abdominal scan to assess the pancreas. An eye examination is also wise, to check for any early cataract formation.

How Is Diabetes in Dogs Treated?

For most, therapy means insulin injections every 12 hours and regular monitoring.

The type and dose of insulin varies from one dog to another and it can take some time to determine the right medication plan.

Diabetic dogs are seen regularly in order to ensure they are on the correct dose of insulin, they are maintaining a healthy weight, and that they are not developing any additional medical issues.

Diet, Feeding Schedules, and Blood Sugar Control

We are aiming for a diet higher in fibre and protein and low in carbohydrates. The diet should be fed at similar times each day, coinciding with the insulin dose, and treats should be avoided.

Veterinary Monitoring and Long-Term Care

Dogs will be seen regularly and this will include assessing their blood sugar (fructosamine) levels and ensuring they do not have bacteria or ketones in their urine.

Entire female dogs should be neutered to prevent insulin resistance during her cycles.

Can Diabetes in Dogs Be Managed Long Term?

For many dogs diagnosed with diabetes, it can be well managed and they can live with a good quality of life.

While remission is possible in cats, this is not really the case in dogs unfortunately.

Daily Routines and Lifestyle Adjustments

Owners will need to get used to giving regular injections, a restricted diet, and close monitoring for any ‘red flag’ symptoms.

Monitoring at Home and Vet Check-Ups

Where possible, owners are encouraged to measure blood glucose levels at home using a glucometer. This can significantly help when it comes to managing pets from home.

Quality of Life for Dogs With Diabetes

Although diabetic dogs require ongoing care and medication, a well-controlled diabetic can live a close to normal life.

A big concern is the financial burden placed on the owner, and it is important that they are made aware of the potential ongoing costs.

Diabetes in Dogs: FAQs

How do I know if my dog has diabetes?

Some of the classic signs of diabetes include excess thirst and weight loss despite a good appetite.

Is diabetes in dogs life-threatening?

Diabetes has the potential to be life-threatening if not promptly addressed.

Can diabetes in dogs be cured or only managed?

Canine diabetes is usually a permanent diagnosis and is not a condition that we can cure.

Can diabetes in dogs be prevented?

We cannot reliably prevent diabetes but it can help to maintain a healthy weight, limit steroid use, and to see a vet for regular check ups.